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COURSE STRUCTURE CLASS XI (Theory)
biology syllabus for class 11 cbse 2014 - 2015 practical and theory
Unit I: Diversity of Living Organism (25 Periods)
What is living?biodiversity;need for classification; three domains of life; taxonomy & systematics; concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; binomial nomenclature; tools for study of taxonomy-museums, zorogical parks, herbaria, botanical gardens.
Five kingdom classification; salient features and classification of Monera, Protista and
Fungi into major groups: Lichens, Viruses and Viroids.
Salient features and classification of plants into major groups - Algae,Bryophyta, Pteridophyta, Gymnospermae and Angiospermae (three to five salient and distinguising features and at least two examples of each category); Angiosperms - classification up to class,characteristic features and examples.
Salient featuresand classification of animals non chordates up to phyla level and chordates up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples).
Unit II: Structural Organisation in Animals and Plants (25 Periods)
Morphology and modifications; tissues; anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: root, stem, leaf, inflorescence; cymose and racemose, flower, fruitand seed (to be dealt alongwith the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus).
Animal tissues; morphology, anatomy and functions of differentsystems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervousand reproductive) of an insect (cockroach). (a brief account only)
Unit III: Cell Structure and Function (40 Periods)
Cell theoryand cell as the basic unit of life; structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelles - structure and function;endomembrane system, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; cytoskeleton, cilia, flagella, centrioles (ultrastructure and function); nucleus, nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.
Chemical constituents of living cells: biomolecules, structure and function of proteins, carbodydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, enzymes, types, properties, enzyme action.
Cell division : cell cycle,mitosis, meiosis and their significance.
Unit IV: Plant Physiology (45 Periods)
Transport in plants;movement of water, gases and nutrients;cell to cell transport, Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, active transport; plant-water relations, Imbibition, water potential, osmosis, plasmolysis; long distance transport of water - Absorption, apoplast, symplast, transpiration pull, root pressure and guttation; transpiration, opening and closing of stomata; Uptake and translocation of mineral nutrients - Transport of food, phloem transport, mass flow hypothesis; diffusion of gases.
Mineral nutrition:Essential minerals, macro and micronutrients and their role; deficiency symptoms; mineraltoxicity; elementary idea of hydroponics as a method to study mineral nutrition; nitrogen metabolism, nitrogen cycle, biological nitrogen fixation.
Photosynthesis: photosynthesis as a meansof autotrophic nutrition; site of photosynthesis, pigments involved in photosynthesis (elementary idea); photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; cyclic and non cyclic photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration; C3 and C4 pathways; factors affecting photosynthesis.
Respiration: exchangeof gases; cellular respiration - glycolysis, fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); energy relations - numberof ATP molecules generated; amphibolic pathways; respiratroy quotient.
Plant growthand development: seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; conditions of growth; differentiation, dedifferentiation and redifferentiation; sequence of developmental processesin a plant cell; growthregulators - auxin,gibberellin, cytokinin, ethylene, ABA; seed dormancy; vernalisation; photoperiodism.
Unit V: Human Physiology (45 Periods)
Digestion and absorption: alimentary canal and digestive glands, role of digestive enzymes and gastrointestinal hormones; Peristalsis, digestion, absorption and assimilation of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; calorific values of proteins, carbohydrates and fats; egestion; nutritional and digestive disorders - PEM, indigestion, constipation, vomiting, jaundice, diarrhoea.
Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans - exchangeof gases, transportof gases and regulation of respiration, respiratory volume; disorders related to respiration - asthma,emphysema, occupational respiratory disorders.
Body fluids and circulation: composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; human circulatory system - Structureof human heartand blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output, ECG; double circulation; regulation of cardiac activity;disorders of circulatory system - hypertension, coronary artery disease, angina pectoris, heart failure.
Excretory productsand their elimination: modes of excretion - ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; human excretory system - structure and function; urine formation, osmoregulation; regulation of kidney function - renin - angiotensin, atrial natriuretic factor, ADH and diabetes insipidus; role of other organs in excretion; disorders - uraemia,renal failure, renal calculi,nephritis; dialysis and artificial kidney.
Locomotion and movement: types of movement - ciliary, flagellar, muscular;skeletal muscle
- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; skeletal system and its functions; joints; disorders of muscular and skeletal system - myasthenia gravis, tetany, musculardystrophy, arthritis, osteoporosis, gout.
Neural controland coordination: neuron and nerves; Nervous system in humans - central nervous system; peripheral nervous system and visceral nervous system; generation and conductionof nerve impulse; reflex action; sensory perception; sense organs; elementary structure and function of eye and ear.
Chemical coordination and regulation: endocrine glands and hormones; human endocrine system - hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal,thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads;
mechanism of hormoneaction (elementary Idea); role of hormones as messengers and regulators, hypo - and hyperactivity and related disorders; dwarfism, acromegaly, cretinism, goit, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes,Addision's disease.
Note : Diseasesrelated to all the human physiology systems (to be taught in brief).
Practicals
Maximum Marks : 30 60 Periods
A. List of Experiments
1. Study and describethree locally available common flowering plants, one from each of the familiesSolanaceae, Fabacceae and Liliaceae including dissection and display of floral whorls and anther and ovary to show number of chambers. Types of root (Tap and adventitious); stem (herbaceous and woody); leaf (arrangement, shape, venation, simple and compound).
2. Preparation and study of T.S. of dicotand monocot roots and stems (primary).
3. Study of osmosis by potato osmometer.
4. Studyof plasmolysis in epidermal peels (e.g. Rhoeo leaves)
5. Study of distribution of stomata in the upper and lower surface of leaves.
6. Comparative study of the rates of transpiration in the upper and lower surface of leaves.
7. Test for the presence of sugar, starch,proteins and fats. To detect these in suitable plant and animal materials.
8. Separation of plant pigments through paper chromatography.
9. To studythe rate of respiration in flower buds/leaf tissue and germinating seeds.
10. To test the presence of urea in urine.
11. To detectthe presence of sugar in urine.
12. To detect the presence of albumin in urine.
13. To detect the presence of bile salts in urine.
B. Study/observation of the following (spotting)
1. Studyparts of a compoundmicroscope.
2. Study of the specimens/slides/models and identification with reasons Bacteria, Oscillatoria, Spirogyra, Rhizopus, mushroom, yeast, liverwort, moss, fern, pine, one monocotyledonous plant and one dicotyledonous plant and one lichen.
3. Study of specimens/slides/models and identification with reasons - Amoeba, Hydra, liverfluke, Ascaris, leech, earthworm, prawn, silkworm, honeybee, snail, starfish, shark, rohu, frog, lizard, pigeon and rabbit.
4. Studyof tissues and diversity in shapes and sizes of plant and animal cells (palisade cells, guard cells, parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma, xylem, phloem, squamous epithelium, muscle fibers and mammalian blood smear) through temporary/permanent slides.
biology syllabusfor class 11 cbse 2014 - 2015 practical and theory
5. Study of mitosis in onion root tips cells and animals cells (grasshopper) from permanent slides.
6. Study of differentmodifications in root, stem and leaves.
7. Study and identification of different types of inflorescence (cymose and racemose)
8. Studyof imbibition in seeds/raisins.
9. Observation and comments on the experimental set up for showing:
a. Anaerobicrespiration b. Phototropism
c. Apical bud removal
d. Suction due to transpiration
10. Study of human skeleton and different types of joints.
11. Study of externalmorphology of cockroach through specimens/models.
